Utility-Scale Battery Recycling Technologies in 2025: How Advanced Processes and Policy Shifts Are Powering a 25% Annual Market Surge. Discover the Innovations and Players Shaping the Future of Grid-Scale Energy Storage Sustainability.

• Executive Summary: Market Size, Growth, and Key Drivers (2025–2030)
• Technology Landscape: Mechanical, Hydrometallurgical, and Direct Recycling Innovations
• Major Players and Industry Initiatives: Company Strategies and Partnerships
• Policy, Regulation, and Compliance: Global and Regional Frameworks
• Supply Chain Dynamics: Sourcing, Logistics, and Material Recovery
• Economic Analysis: Cost Structures, Profitability, and Investment Trends
• Environmental Impact: Lifecycle Assessment and Circular Economy Benefits
• Case Studies: Leading Utility-Scale Battery Recycling Projects
• Market Forecasts: Growth Projections, Regional Hotspots, and CAGR Analysis
• Future Outlook: Emerging Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities (2025–2030)
• Sources & References

Executive Summary: Market Size, Growth, and Key Drivers (2025–2030)

The global market for utility-scale battery recycling technologies is poised for significant expansion between 2025 and 2030, driven by the rapid deployment of grid-scale energy storage systems and increasing regulatory pressure to manage end-of-life lithium-ion batteries responsibly. As utility-scale battery installations accelerate—fueled by the growth of renewable energy and grid modernization—industry stakeholders are investing heavily in advanced recycling solutions to recover valuable materials, reduce environmental impact, and ensure supply chain resilience.

By 2025, the annual volume of retired utility-scale batteries is expected to surpass 100,000 metric tons globally, with projections indicating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 20% in battery waste through 2030. This surge is primarily attributed to the first wave of large-scale lithium-ion battery deployments reaching end-of-life, particularly in North America, Europe, and East Asia. The recycling market is responding with new facilities and technologies designed to process high volumes of utility-scale battery packs, which differ significantly from smaller consumer or automotive batteries in terms of size, chemistry, and disassembly requirements.

Key industry players are scaling up both mechanical and hydrometallurgical recycling processes. Umicore, a global leader in battery materials and recycling, is expanding its capacity in Europe to handle utility-scale batteries, leveraging closed-loop systems to recover nickel, cobalt, and lithium. Ecobat, traditionally focused on lead-acid batteries, has entered the lithium-ion recycling sector with new facilities in the United States and Europe, targeting grid-scale applications. Redwood Materials in the United States is rapidly increasing its processing capabilities, aiming to supply recycled materials directly back into the battery manufacturing ecosystem.

Policy developments are a major driver: the European Union’s Battery Regulation, effective from 2025, mandates high recovery rates and recycled content in new batteries, directly impacting utility-scale projects. Similar regulatory frameworks are emerging in the United States and China, incentivizing investment in recycling infrastructure and technology innovation.

Looking ahead, the market outlook for 2025–2030 is robust. Industry analysts anticipate that by 2030, recycled materials could supply up to 15% of the raw materials needed for new utility-scale batteries, significantly reducing reliance on primary mining. The sector is expected to see continued consolidation, with established recyclers partnering with battery manufacturers and utilities to create integrated, circular supply chains. As technology matures and economies of scale are realized, recycling costs are projected to decline, further accelerating adoption and supporting the sustainable growth of utility-scale energy storage worldwide.

Technology Landscape: Mechanical, Hydrometallurgical, and Direct Recycling Innovations

The technology landscape for utility-scale battery recycling is rapidly evolving in 2025, driven by the increasing deployment of large-format lithium-ion batteries in grid storage and renewable integration projects. Three primary technological approaches—mechanical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling—are shaping the sector, each with distinct advantages and challenges as the industry scales to meet growing demand.

Mechanical recycling remains the foundational step in most utility-scale battery recycling processes. This method involves the physical dismantling, shredding, and separation of battery components such as casings, current collectors, and electrode materials. Companies like Umicore and Ecobat have established large-scale mechanical pre-processing facilities, which serve as the initial stage for further material recovery. Mechanical processes are particularly effective for handling the diverse and often bulky battery formats used in grid-scale applications, enabling efficient downstream processing.

Hydrometallurgical recycling has gained significant traction for its ability to recover high-purity metals from spent batteries. This approach uses aqueous chemistry to leach valuable metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese from shredded battery materials. Northvolt and Redwood Materials are advancing hydrometallurgical technologies at utility scale, with pilot and commercial plants targeting recovery rates above 90% for critical metals. In 2025, these companies are expanding capacity to process thousands of tons of end-of-life batteries annually, supporting the circular supply chain for new battery production.

Direct recycling is an emerging innovation with the potential to further improve the sustainability and economics of utility-scale battery recycling. Unlike traditional methods that break down materials to elemental forms, direct recycling aims to preserve and refurbish intact cathode and anode materials for direct reuse in new batteries. B2U Storage Solutions and Recycle Technologies are among the companies piloting direct recycling processes, focusing on maintaining the structural integrity of electrode materials from large-format cells. While still in early commercialization, direct recycling could reduce energy consumption and chemical use, offering a promising pathway for next-generation recycling plants.

Looking ahead, the outlook for utility-scale battery recycling technologies is marked by rapid capacity expansion, increased automation, and integration of digital tracking systems for battery provenance. Industry leaders are investing in modular, scalable recycling plants to accommodate the anticipated surge in end-of-life grid batteries over the next several years. As regulatory frameworks tighten and sustainability targets become more ambitious, the convergence of mechanical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling innovations is expected to define the competitive landscape and enable a robust circular economy for utility-scale energy storage.

Major Players and Industry Initiatives: Company Strategies and Partnerships

The landscape of utility-scale battery recycling is rapidly evolving as the global deployment of grid-scale energy storage accelerates. In 2025, several major players are shaping the sector through strategic investments, partnerships, and the scaling of advanced recycling technologies. These efforts are driven by the need to recover valuable materials, reduce environmental impact, and secure supply chains for critical minerals such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt.

Among the most prominent companies, LG Energy Solution has expanded its recycling initiatives, leveraging hydrometallurgical processes to recover high-purity materials from retired lithium-ion batteries used in utility-scale storage. The company has announced collaborations with energy storage operators and recycling technology providers to establish closed-loop systems, aiming to recycle a significant portion of its deployed batteries by 2027.

Another key player, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), has integrated recycling into its business model, operating dedicated facilities for the disassembly and material recovery of large-format batteries. CATL’s partnerships with grid operators and renewable energy developers are designed to streamline the collection and processing of end-of-life batteries, with a focus on maximizing the recovery rates of lithium and other strategic elements.

In North America, Tesla, Inc. continues to scale its battery recycling operations, particularly at its Gigafactories, where it processes both production scrap and used utility-scale battery packs. Tesla’s approach emphasizes in-house recycling to support its vertically integrated supply chain, with ongoing investments in automation and process efficiency to handle the growing volume of stationary storage systems reaching end-of-life.

Emerging technology providers such as Redwood Materials are also making significant strides. Redwood Materials, founded by a former Tesla CTO, has established partnerships with energy storage project developers to collect and recycle large-format batteries. The company employs advanced hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques to recover and refine battery-grade materials, supporting the domestic supply of critical minerals for new battery production.

Industry-wide initiatives are also underway. Organizations like Energy Storage Association (ESA) are facilitating collaboration between manufacturers, recyclers, and utilities to develop standardized protocols for battery collection, transportation, and recycling. These efforts aim to address logistical challenges and ensure regulatory compliance as the volume of utility-scale batteries entering the recycling stream increases.

Looking ahead, the next few years are expected to see further consolidation and innovation, with major players expanding capacity, forming new partnerships, and investing in next-generation recycling technologies. These strategies are essential for meeting sustainability targets and supporting the circular economy in the rapidly growing utility-scale energy storage sector.

Policy, Regulation, and Compliance: Global and Regional Frameworks

The policy and regulatory landscape for utility-scale battery recycling is rapidly evolving in 2025, driven by the accelerating deployment of grid-scale energy storage and the imperative to address end-of-life management for lithium-ion and other advanced batteries. Governments and industry bodies worldwide are enacting and refining frameworks to ensure responsible recycling, resource recovery, and environmental protection, with a particular focus on the unique challenges posed by large-format batteries used in utility applications.

In the European Union, the revised Batteries Regulation, which entered into force in 2023, is now being actively implemented. This regulation mandates extended producer responsibility (EPR), minimum recycled content requirements, and strict collection and recycling targets for all battery types, including those used in stationary energy storage. By 2025, battery manufacturers and energy storage operators must comply with detailed reporting, labeling, and due diligence obligations, with enforcement coordinated by national authorities and the European Chemicals Agency (European Chemicals Agency). The regulation is spurring investment in advanced recycling technologies and infrastructure across the region.

In the United States, the regulatory framework remains more fragmented, but momentum is building at both federal and state levels. The U.S. Department of Energy is supporting research, demonstration, and commercialization of battery recycling technologies through initiatives such as the ReCell Center, while the Environmental Protection Agency is updating hazardous waste regulations to clarify requirements for large-scale battery recycling. Several states, including California and New York, are developing or piloting EPR schemes and permitting processes tailored to utility-scale batteries (U.S. Department of Energy). Industry groups such as the Energy Storage Association are advocating for harmonized standards and incentives to accelerate safe and efficient recycling.

In Asia, China continues to lead in battery recycling policy and capacity, with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology enforcing strict licensing, traceability, and recycling rate requirements for all battery producers and recyclers. Major Chinese battery manufacturers, including Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL), are vertically integrating recycling operations and collaborating with utilities to ensure closed-loop material flows. Japan and South Korea are also strengthening regulatory oversight and supporting public-private partnerships to scale up utility-scale battery recycling.

Looking ahead, the next few years will see increasing alignment of global standards, with organizations such as the International Energy Agency and the International Electrotechnical Commission working to harmonize definitions, safety protocols, and reporting requirements. Compliance will become a key differentiator for battery manufacturers and energy storage operators, influencing procurement, project finance, and market access. As regulatory frameworks mature, they are expected to drive innovation in recycling technologies, improve material recovery rates, and support the transition to a circular battery economy at utility scale.

Supply Chain Dynamics: Sourcing, Logistics, and Material Recovery

The rapid deployment of utility-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) is driving significant evolution in the supply chain dynamics of battery recycling technologies. As installations mature and reach end-of-life, the sector is shifting from pilot projects to industrial-scale operations, with a focus on efficient sourcing, logistics, and material recovery. In 2025 and the coming years, the recycling of lithium-ion batteries from grid-scale applications is expected to accelerate, propelled by regulatory pressures, sustainability targets, and the need to secure critical materials.

A key trend is the emergence of dedicated recycling facilities designed for high-throughput processing of large-format batteries typical of utility-scale installations. Companies such as Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. and Redwood Materials are expanding their operations to handle the unique logistics of transporting and dismantling heavy, containerized battery packs. Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. operates a “spoke and hub” model, where regional facilities (spokes) preprocess batteries before shipping concentrated materials to central hubs for hydrometallurgical recovery of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and other valuable elements. This approach reduces transportation costs and safety risks associated with moving whole battery packs.

Material recovery rates are improving as recycling technologies mature. Hydrometallurgical processes, which use aqueous solutions to extract metals, are increasingly favored for their lower emissions and higher recovery efficiency compared to traditional pyrometallurgical (smelting) methods. Redwood Materials reports recovery rates exceeding 95% for key battery metals, and is scaling up to process tens of thousands of tons annually, with a focus on closed-loop supply chains that return recovered materials to battery manufacturers.

Logistics remain a complex challenge, particularly in the safe collection, transport, and storage of end-of-life utility-scale batteries, which can weigh several tons and require specialized handling. Companies like Umicore are developing integrated logistics solutions, including on-site disassembly and modular transport containers, to streamline the movement of batteries from decommissioned sites to recycling facilities. Partnerships between utilities, battery OEMs, and recyclers are becoming more common, aiming to standardize processes and ensure traceability of materials throughout the supply chain.

Looking ahead, the sector anticipates increased regulatory oversight, with extended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes and minimum recycled content mandates likely to shape sourcing and recovery practices. The convergence of advanced recycling technologies, robust logistics networks, and transparent supply chains is expected to underpin the sustainable growth of utility-scale battery recycling through 2025 and beyond.

Economic Analysis: Cost Structures, Profitability, and Investment Trends

The economic landscape for utility-scale battery recycling technologies in 2025 is shaped by a confluence of rising end-of-life (EOL) battery volumes, evolving regulatory frameworks, and rapid technological advancements. As grid-scale lithium-ion battery deployments accelerate globally, the economic imperative to recover valuable materials and reduce environmental liabilities is driving significant investment and innovation in recycling infrastructure.

Cost structures for utility-scale battery recycling are influenced by several key factors: collection and transportation of large-format batteries, pre-processing (discharge, dismantling), and the core recycling process—typically pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, or direct recycling. Hydrometallurgical processes, which use aqueous solutions to extract metals, are gaining traction due to higher recovery rates and lower emissions compared to traditional smelting. However, these processes require substantial capital investment in specialized facilities and robust supply chain logistics.

Major industry players are scaling up operations to achieve economies of scale and improve profitability. Umicore, a global leader in battery materials and recycling, is expanding its European recycling capacity, targeting both automotive and stationary storage batteries. The company’s integrated approach—spanning collection, dismantling, and advanced hydrometallurgical processing—enables it to capture value from nickel, cobalt, lithium, and copper, which together account for the bulk of recycled material revenues. Similarly, Northvolt is investing in its Revolt recycling program, aiming to recover up to 95% of key metals from EOL batteries and reintegrate them into new cell production, thus closing the materials loop and reducing raw material dependency.

In North America, Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. is commissioning new Spoke & Hub facilities designed for high-throughput processing of utility-scale batteries. Their modular approach allows for flexible scaling and regional deployment, reducing transportation costs and improving overall system economics. The company reports that its hydrometallurgical process can recover up to 95% of critical materials, positioning it as a cost-competitive solution as battery volumes rise.

Profitability in the sector is closely tied to commodity prices for recovered metals, regulatory incentives, and the ability to secure long-term supply contracts with utilities and energy storage operators. The European Union’s Battery Regulation, effective from 2025, mandates higher recycling efficiencies and material recovery targets, creating a favorable policy environment for recyclers. In the U.S., state-level initiatives and Department of Energy funding are catalyzing private investment in recycling infrastructure.

Looking ahead, the economic outlook for utility-scale battery recycling is robust. As battery deployment outpaces EOL volumes in the near term, early movers are investing heavily to capture future market share. By 2027–2028, as the first wave of large-scale grid batteries reaches end-of-life, recycling facilities are expected to operate at higher utilization rates, driving down per-unit costs and improving margins. Strategic partnerships between recyclers, battery manufacturers, and utilities will be critical to securing feedstock and optimizing value recovery across the supply chain.

Environmental Impact: Lifecycle Assessment and Circular Economy Benefits

Utility-scale battery recycling technologies are rapidly evolving to address the environmental impacts associated with the lifecycle of large-format lithium-ion batteries used in grid storage. As the deployment of utility-scale energy storage accelerates worldwide, the need for sustainable end-of-life management has become a critical focus for industry stakeholders and policymakers. In 2025 and the coming years, lifecycle assessment (LCA) and circular economy principles are increasingly shaping the development and adoption of advanced recycling solutions.

Lifecycle assessments of utility-scale batteries reveal that recycling can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of battery systems by recovering valuable materials such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These materials are energy-intensive to mine and process, and their extraction is often associated with ecological degradation and social concerns. By closing the loop through recycling, the industry can decrease reliance on virgin resources, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigate the risks of hazardous waste disposal.

Several leading companies are scaling up commercial recycling operations tailored for utility-scale batteries. Livent Corporation, a major lithium producer, is investing in closed-loop recycling processes to recover lithium from spent batteries, aiming to reintroduce it into new battery production. Umicore, a global materials technology group, operates one of the world’s largest battery recycling facilities in Europe, using pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods to extract metals from end-of-life batteries at industrial scale. Redwood Materials, founded by a former Tesla CTO, is expanding its recycling infrastructure in North America, focusing on high recovery rates and low-carbon processing for utility and automotive batteries.

In 2025, the environmental benefits of these recycling technologies are becoming more quantifiable. For example, Umicore reports that its recycling processes can recover up to 95% of cobalt, nickel, and copper from lithium-ion batteries, and over 70% of lithium, substantially reducing the need for new mining and associated emissions. Redwood Materials claims its closed-loop system can cut the carbon footprint of battery materials by more than half compared to conventional supply chains. These advances are supported by partnerships with battery manufacturers and utilities, ensuring a steady supply of end-of-life batteries for recycling and reintegration into the value chain.

Looking ahead, regulatory frameworks in the US, EU, and Asia are expected to further incentivize recycling and circularity. The European Union’s Battery Regulation, for instance, mandates minimum recycled content in new batteries and sets ambitious collection and recycling targets for large-scale batteries. As these policies take effect, the industry is poised to accelerate investment in recycling capacity, digital tracking of battery materials, and eco-design for recyclability, reinforcing the environmental and economic case for a circular battery economy.

Case Studies: Leading Utility-Scale Battery Recycling Projects

The rapid deployment of utility-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) has accelerated the need for robust recycling technologies capable of handling large-format lithium-ion batteries. As the first wave of grid-scale batteries approaches end-of-life, several pioneering projects and companies are demonstrating advanced recycling solutions, setting benchmarks for the industry in 2025 and beyond.

One of the most prominent players is Li-Cycle Holdings Corp., which operates a network of Spoke & Hub facilities in North America. Their technology utilizes a hydrometallurgical process to recover up to 95% of critical materials—including lithium, nickel, and cobalt—from spent batteries. In 2024, Li-Cycle began processing utility-scale BESS modules from decommissioned grid projects, collaborating with major energy storage integrators. Their Rochester Hub, designed to process up to 35,000 tonnes of battery material annually, is among the largest such facilities globally and is expected to ramp up further in 2025.

In Europe, Northvolt AB has established its Revolt recycling program, which integrates battery recycling directly with cell manufacturing. Northvolt’s facility in Sweden employs a combination of mechanical separation and hydrometallurgical refining to recover battery-grade metals. In 2025, Northvolt is scaling up its capacity to process utility-scale BESS returns, aiming to supply recycled materials for new grid-scale batteries, thus closing the loop within the European battery value chain.

Another significant initiative is led by Redwood Materials, Inc. in the United States. Founded by a former Tesla CTO, Redwood Materials has developed proprietary processes to extract and refine metals from large-format batteries, including those used in utility-scale storage. In 2024, the company announced partnerships with several U.S. utilities to recycle decommissioned BESS units, with plans to expand its Nevada facility’s throughput to over 100,000 tonnes per year by 2026.

In Asia, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL) has launched large-scale recycling operations in China, leveraging its position as the world’s largest battery manufacturer. CATL’s recycling division utilizes both physical and chemical processes to recover materials from grid-scale batteries, supporting China’s national targets for battery material circularity.

Looking ahead, these case studies illustrate a trend toward vertically integrated recycling solutions, where recovered materials are directly reintegrated into new battery production. As regulatory frameworks tighten and the volume of retired utility-scale batteries grows, these projects are expected to set industry standards for efficiency, environmental impact, and economic viability in the coming years.

Market Forecasts: Growth Projections, Regional Hotspots, and CAGR Analysis

The global market for utility-scale battery recycling technologies is poised for significant expansion in 2025 and the following years, driven by the rapid deployment of grid-scale energy storage and the increasing volume of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. As utility-scale battery installations accelerate—particularly in North America, Europe, and East Asia—the need for robust recycling infrastructure is becoming critical to ensure material circularity, reduce supply chain risks, and comply with tightening environmental regulations.

In 2025, the volume of spent utility-scale batteries entering the recycling stream is expected to rise sharply, as early grid storage projects commissioned in the mid-2010s reach the end of their service life. This trend is especially pronounced in the United States and China, which together account for the majority of global utility-scale battery deployments. The European Union is also emerging as a key regional hotspot, propelled by the implementation of the EU Battery Regulation, which mandates high recycling efficiencies and material recovery rates for large-format batteries.

Major industry players are scaling up their recycling capacities to meet this anticipated surge. Umicore, a leading materials technology company headquartered in Belgium, is expanding its hydrometallurgical recycling operations to process larger volumes of utility-scale lithium-ion batteries, with a focus on recovering critical metals such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt. In North America, Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. is commissioning new Spoke & Hub facilities designed to handle high-throughput battery recycling, including modules from grid storage systems. Meanwhile, Ganfeng Lithium in China is investing in advanced recycling plants to support the domestic energy storage market and secure raw material supply.

Growth projections for the utility-scale battery recycling sector indicate a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) through the late 2020s. Industry estimates suggest a CAGR in the range of 20–25% for the global battery recycling market, with the utility-scale segment outpacing smaller-scale applications due to the sheer volume and size of batteries involved. Regional hotspots include the United States—where the Department of Energy is supporting recycling innovation—and China, which is implementing stricter recycling quotas for energy storage batteries. The European Union is also expected to see double-digit growth, underpinned by regulatory mandates and investments in recycling infrastructure.

• North America: Rapid growth driven by state-level storage mandates and federal funding for recycling R&D.
• Europe: Strong regulatory push and investment in closed-loop recycling systems.
• East Asia: Expansion of recycling capacity by major battery manufacturers and material suppliers.

Looking ahead, the market outlook for utility-scale battery recycling technologies remains highly positive, with continued innovation in process efficiency, material recovery, and integration with battery manufacturing supply chains. The sector is expected to play a pivotal role in supporting the sustainable growth of grid-scale energy storage worldwide.

Future Outlook: Emerging Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities (2025–2030)

The period from 2025 onward is poised to be transformative for utility-scale battery recycling technologies, driven by the rapid deployment of grid-scale energy storage and the growing imperative to close the loop on critical battery materials. As the first wave of large-format lithium-ion batteries from utility-scale installations approaches end-of-life, the industry is accelerating efforts to develop and commercialize advanced recycling solutions that can handle the unique challenges of these massive systems.

Several leading battery manufacturers and recycling specialists are scaling up their operations and investing in next-generation processes. Umicore, a global materials technology company, is expanding its hydrometallurgical recycling capabilities to process larger battery modules and packs, focusing on high recovery rates for lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese. Similarly, Northvolt is advancing its Revolt program, which aims to recycle batteries from both electric vehicles and stationary storage, with a target to source 50% of its raw materials from recycled content by 2030.

In North America, Redwood Materials is constructing large-scale recycling facilities designed to process utility-scale battery systems, with a focus on closed-loop supply chains for critical materials. The company is collaborating with energy storage providers to streamline the collection and disassembly of used grid batteries, aiming to recover over 95% of key metals. Livent, a major lithium producer, is also investing in recycling partnerships to secure sustainable lithium sources for future battery production.

Emerging technologies are addressing the specific challenges of utility-scale battery recycling, such as the safe handling of high-voltage modules, automation of disassembly, and the separation of diverse chemistries. Companies like Ecobat are piloting robotic systems for efficient dismantling, while Ascend Elements is commercializing direct recycling methods that preserve cathode material structure, reducing the need for energy-intensive refining.

Despite these advances, several challenges remain. The diversity of battery chemistries and formats in utility-scale applications complicates standardization. Logistics for transporting large, heavy battery packs require new safety protocols and infrastructure. Regulatory frameworks are still evolving, with industry bodies such as the Energy Storage Association advocating for harmonized recycling standards and extended producer responsibility.

Looking ahead to 2030, the outlook for utility-scale battery recycling is optimistic. As more large-scale storage systems reach end-of-life, economies of scale are expected to drive down recycling costs and increase material recovery rates. Strategic partnerships between battery manufacturers, recyclers, and utilities will be crucial in building a circular battery economy, reducing reliance on virgin materials, and supporting the sustainable growth of grid-scale energy storage.

Sources & References

• Umicore
• Ecobat
• Redwood Materials
• Northvolt
• Recycle Technologies
• Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL)
• Energy Storage Association
• European Chemicals Agency
• International Energy Agency
• Li-Cycle Holdings Corp.
• Ganfeng Lithium